It is a subset of the list that is discussed starting here, Those Lists of Papers Claiming That Vaccines Cause Autism: They Don't Show What They Claim (Part 1).
Source:Lisa Goes's Facebook page; as always, click to embiggen
Goes # 1, Taylor #1 Hepatitis B vaccination of male neonates and autism diagnosis, NHIS 1997-2002 (original Taylor number = 42) (also see Those Lists of Papers Claiming That Vaccines Cause Autism: They Don't Show What They Claim (Part 1)
Correct citation: Gallager CM, Goodman MS, Hepatitis B vaccination of male neonates and autism diagnosis, NHIS 1997-2002. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2010;73:(24):1665-77.
Very weak study with numerous flaws. Debunked at (among others):
- http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2009/09/17/another-weak-study-proves-vaccines-cause-autism/
- http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2010/09/16/autism-causation-and-the-hepatitis-b-vaccine-no-link/
- http://www.harpocratesspeaks.com/2013/05/mind-institute-no-difference-in.html
- http://lizditz.typepad.com/i_speak_of_dreams/2012/07/1-hepatitis-b-vaccination-of-male-neonates-and-autism-diagnosis-nhis-1997-2002-2010.html
Does this paper "demonstrate that 'vaxes' can cause autism"? No.
Goes #2, Taylor #9: Porphyrinuria in childhood autistic disorder: Implications for environmental toxicity (original Taylor number = 2) (also see Those Lists of Papers Claiming That Vaccines Cause Autism: They Don't Show What They Claim (Part 1)
Correct citation: Nataf R, Skorupka C, Amet L, Lam A, Springbett A, Lathe R. Porphyrinuria in childhood autistic disorder: implications for environmental toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2006 Jul 15;214(2):99-108. Epub 2006 Jun 16.
“Extremely haphazard science”
Also has nothing to do with vaccines.
Does this paper "demonstrate that 'vaxes' can cause autism"? No.
Goes #3, Taylor #55. Theoretical aspects of autism: Causes—A review (Original Taylor number = 50) (also see Those Lists of Papers Claiming That Vaccines Cause Autism: They Don't Show What They Claim (Part 3))
Correct citation: Ratajczak HV. Theoretical aspects of autism: causes--a review. J Immunotoxicol. 2011 Jan-Mar;8(1):68-79.
This is one of the more risible papers on these lists. See for example:
- http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2011/02/11/sloppy-science-a-perfect-example-of-how-the-anti-vaccine-crowd-will-listen-to-anything/ “The rest of the paper is a rogues' gallery of debunked and fringe science. Helen Ratajczak cites the Geiers numerous times, DeSoto and Hitlan, Nataf and Rossignol to name but a few. This isn’t a paper so much as an advert for the sort of poor science that was examined in the Autism Omnibus proceedings and roundly rejected by the Special Masters. For goodness sake, she even cites David Ayoub of the Black Helicopter infamy.”
- http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/anti-vaccine-propaganda-from-sharyl-attkisson-of-cbs-news-2/"How on earth did this get through peer review? Obviously, the peer reviewers of Dr. Ratajczak’s article were either completely ignorant of the background science (and therefore unqualified) or asleep at the switch."
- http://lizditz.typepad.com/i_speak_of_dreams/2012/07/3-theoretical-aspects-of-autism-causes-a-review-2011.html
Does this paper "demonstrate that 'vaxes' can cause autism"? No.
Goes #4, Taylor #10. Uncoupling of ATP-mediated Calcium Signaling and Dysregulated IL-6 Secretion in Dendritic Cells by Nanomolar Thimerosal (Original Taylor number=4)
Correct citation: Goth SR, Chu RA, Gregg JP, Cherednichenko G, Pessah IN. Uncoupling of ATP-mediated calcium signaling and dysregulated interleukin-6 secretion in dendritic cells by nanomolar thimerosal. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jul;114(7):1083-91.
In-vitro study of mouse cells exposed to trace (nano) amounts of thimerosal. Never-replicated.
Does this paper "demonstrate that 'vaxes' can cause autism"? No.
Goes #5, not on Taylor's current list.Gender-selective toxicity of thimerosal
Correct citation: Branch DR, Gender-selective toxicity of thimerosal. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2009 Mar;61(2):133-6. Epub 2008 Sep 3.
Mouse study, using thimerosal, which is no longer found in childhood vaccines in the United States, with the exception of some flu vaccines.
Does this paper "demonstrate that 'vaxes' can cause autism"? No.
Goes #6, Taylor #11 Comparison of Blood and Brain Mercury Levels in Infant Monkeys Exposed to Methylmercury or Vaccines Containing Thimerosal (Original Taylor number = 6)Correct citation: Burbacher TM, Shen DD, Liberato N, Grant KS, Cernichiari E, Clarkson T. Comparison of blood and brain mercury levels in infant monkeys exposed to methylmercury or vaccines containing thimerosal. Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Aug;113(8):1015-21.
Discusses methylmercury, which was never used in vaccines, and ethylmercury, the latter of which is thimerosal (which is no longer used in childhood vaccines in the U.S. other than the flu vaccine). Widely debunked, see for examplehttp://bartholomewcubbins.blogspot.com/2007/01/bc-on-autism-revisiting-burbacher-2005.html"There has been a number of people touting this paper yet only a few have really read it. Here's the paper in pictures. In short, only about half of the real experiment was done. I can't speculate why the authors stopped short, but I can say that their decision renders this paper almost worthless."
Discussion: http://lizditz.typepad.com/i_speak_of_dreams/2012/07/6-comparison-of-blood-and-brain-mercury-levels-in-infant-monkeys-exposed-to-methylmercury-or-vaccine.html. Also see the Institute for Vaccine Safety, On Thimerosal in Vaccines
Does this paper "demonstrate that 'vaxes' can cause autism"? No.
Goes #7 Taylor #12. Increases in the number of reactive glia in the visual cortex of Macaca fascicularis following subclinical long-term methyl mercury exposure. (Original Taylor number = 7 )
Correct citation: Charleston JS, Bolender RP, Mottet NK, Body RL, Vahter ME, Burbacher TM. Increases in the number of reactive glia in the visual cortex of Macaca fascicularis following subclinical long-term methyl mercury exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1994 Dec;129(2):196-206.
Discusses a form of mercury, methyl mercury, NEVER used in vaccines. The monkeys were exposed to very high doses (50 micrograms Hg/kg body wt/day) every day for months.
There is no research linking increased reactive glia in the visual cortex to autism.
Does this paper "demonstrate that 'vaxes' can cause autism"? No.
Goes #8, Taylor #13. Neuroglial Activation and Neuroinflammation in the Brain of Patients with Autism (Original Taylor number = 8)
Correct citation: Vargas DL, Nascimbene C, Krishnan C, Zimmerman AW, Pardo CA, Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism. Ann Neurol. 2005 Jan;57(1):67-81.
The lead author wrote, We were concerned that the study would raise a lot of controversy and be misused,” Pardo said. “We were right.”
Also, nothing to do with vaccines.
Discussions: http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2009/11/23/autism-treatment-science-hijacked-to-support-alternative-therapies/andhttp://lizditz.typepad.com/i_speak_of_dreams/2012/07/8-neuroglial-activation-and-neuroinflammation-in-the-brain-of-patients-with-autism-2005-.html
Does this paper "demonstrate that 'vaxes' can cause autism"? No.
Goes #9, Taylor #14. Autism: A Brain Disorder, or A Disorder That Affects the Brain? (Original Taylor number = 9)
Correct citation: Herbert MR, Autism: A Brain Disorder, or A Disorder That Affects the Brain? Clinical Neuropsychiatry 2005 2:(6) 354-379
This is a long opinion piece, draped in sciencey-sounding language. Does this paper "demonstrate that vaccines can cause autism"? No. This paper is merely Herbert's musings on notions about causation.
Goes #10, Taylor #15. Activation of Methionine Synthase by Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and Dopamine: a Target for Neurodevelopmental Toxins and Thimerosal (Original Taylor number = 10)
Correct citation: Waly M, Olteanu H, Banerjee R, Choi SW, Mason JB, Parker BS, Sukumar S, Shim S, Sharma A, Benzecry JM, Power-Charnitsky VA, Deth RC, Activation of methionine synthase by insulin-like growth factor-1 and dopamine: a target for neurodevelopmental toxins and thimerosal. Mol Psychiatry. 2004 Apr;9(4):358-70.
From the Vaccine Court 2010 Dwyer decision:[Deth's] own research, most of which was unpublished, unduplicated, or mentioned for the first time during the Theory 2 general causation hearing, was poorly performed and scientifically implausible. Based on in vitro effects of mercury on “neuronal cells,” he claimed that mercury had the same effects on human brain cells.
Discussion in depth: http://lizditz.typepad.com/i_speak_of_dreams/2012/07/10-activation-of-methionine-synthase-by-insulin-like-growth-factor-1-and-dopamine-a-target-for-neuro.html
Does this paper "demonstrate that vaccines can cause autism"? No.
Goes #11, Taylor#16. Validation of the Phenomenon of Autistic Regression Using Home Videotapes (original Taylor number = 11)
Correct citation: Werner E, Dawson G. Validation of the phenomenon of autistic regression using home videotapes. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Aug;62(8):889-95.
The phenomenon of regression in autism is well-known, and in no way validates the idea that vaccines are causal in autism.
A later Bearman paper characterizes six developmental trajectories in autism, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22473372Goes #12, Taylor #17. Blood Levels of Mercury Are Related to Diagnosis of Autism: A Reanalysis of an Important Data Set (original Taylor number=12)
Correct citation: Desoto MC, Hitlan RT. Blood levels of mercury are related to diagnosis of autism: a reanalysis of an important data set. J Child Neurol. 2007 Nov;22(11):1308-11.
The infamous Desoto and Hitlan paper. This was subject to a great deal of critical commentary among scientifically and statistically expert autism parents and other interested observers, for example:
- http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2008/07/16/epiwonk-reanalyzes-the-dataset-desoto-an/
- http://epiwonk.com/?p=112
- Summary of the demolition: http://lizditz.typepad.com/i_speak_of_dreams/2012/07/12-blood-levels-of-mercury-are-related-to-diagnosis-of-autism-a-reanalysis-of-an-important-data-set-.html
- More later at http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2010/08/03/prof-desoto-discusses-mercury-and-autism/
Goes #13, Taylor #19. Developmental Regression and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Child With Autism (Original Taylor number = 13 )
Correct citation: Poling JS, Frye RE, Shoffner J, Zimmerman AW. Developmental regression and mitochondrial dysfunction in a child with autism. J Child Neurol. 2006 Feb;21(2):170-2.
The scandalous Poling paper: http://lizditz.typepad.com/i_speak_of_dreams/2012/07/13-developmental-regression-and-mitochondrial-dysfunction-in-a-child-with-autism-2006-.html. Kathleen Seidell wrote,
With "Developmental Regression and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Child with Autism", Dr. Jon Poling takes his place with Dr. Andrew Wakefield, Dr. Mark Geier and Laura Hewitson, Ph.D. in the ranks of researchers who have concealed relevant legal and financial interests in studies purporting to confirm a causal relationship between vaccines and autism.
In short: Dr. Poling behaved in an appalling manner. There is no question that Hannah Poling has a mitochondrial disorder; in such cases neurological symptoms often develop after 12 months and before 24 months. The "autistic like" symptoms demonstrated by Hannah Poling were part of a global encephalopathy caused by a mitochondrial enzyme deficit.
Does this case or this paper "demonstrate that vaccines can cause autism"? No.
Goes #14, Taylor #20. Oxidative Stress in Autism: Elevated Cerebellar 3-nitrotyrosine Levels (original Taylor Number = 14)
Correct Citation: Sajdel-Sulkowska, E.M., B. Lipinski, H. Windom, T. Audhya and W. McGinnis, 2008. Oxidative Stress in Autism: Elevated Cerebellar 3-nitrotyrosine Levels. Am. J. Biochem. Biotechnol., 73-84. DOI : 10.3844/ajbbsp.2008.73.84
This study has nothing to do with vaccines, and therefore cannot demonstrate that "vaccines cause autism".
Goes #15, Taylor #21. Large Brains in Autism: The Challenge of Pervasive Abnormality (original Taylor number = 15)
Correct citation: Herbert MR. Large brains in autism: the challenge of pervasive abnormality. Neuroscientist. 2005 Oct;11(5):417-40.
http://masslawyersweekly.com/fulltext-opinions/2006/08/21/macgregor-et-al-v-annette-born-et-al/: “Clearly, Dr. Herbert’s method is not generally accepted in the scientific community. Dr. Herbert’s theory of environmental triggers of autism may some day prove true. It has not yet.”
In addition to Herbert's questionable theorizing, this paper has nothing to do with vaccines.
Does this paper "demonstrate that vaccines can cause autism"? No.
Goes #16, Taylor #22. Evidence of Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Neuronal Insult in Autism (original Taylor number = 16)
Correct citation: Kern JK, Jones AM. Evidence of toxicity, oxidative stress, and neuronal insult in autism. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2006 Nov-Dec;9(6):485-99.
Does this paper "demonstrate that vaccines can cause autism"? No, this is a review paper rather that a randomized, controlled study of vaccines in autism.
Kern is a co-author on 31 papers. It is worrying that of those, two are positive studies on secretin and 14 have one or both Geiers as co-authors, including two from 2012 and one from 2011. In 2012, she was employed by the Geier chemical-castration-for-autism chain.
Goes #17, Taylor #23. Oxidative Stress in Autism (Original Taylor number = 17)
Correct citation: Chauhan A, Chauhan V. Oxidative stress in autism. Pathophysiology. 2006 Aug;13(3):171-81. Epub 2006 Jun 12.
This is a review article, summarizing the research to date on oxidative stress in autism and some implications for therapies. The conclusion: "Preliminary results of some of clinical trials have suggested improved behavior in individuals with autism who receive antioxidant therapy."
Does this paper "demonstrate that vaccines can cause autism"? No.
Goes #18, Taylor #24. Thimerosal Neurotoxicity is Associated with Glutathione Depletion: Protection with Glutathione Precursors (original Taylor number = 18)
Correct citation: James SJ, Slikker W 3rd, Melnyk S, New E, Pogribna M, Jernigan S. Thimerosal neurotoxicity is associated with glutathione depletion: protection with glutathione precursors. Neurotoxicology. 2005 Jan;26(1):1-8.
Another in-vitro study with a concentration of thimerosal (no longer used in childhood vaccines in the U.S., with the exception of some flu vaccines) much higher than in vaccines.
Does this paper "demonstrate that vaccines can cause autism"? No.
Goes #19, Taylor #25. Aluminum adjuvant linked to gulf war illness induces motor neuron death in mice (Original Taylor number = 19)
Correct citation: Petrik MS, Wong MC, Tabata RC, Garry RF, Shaw CA. Aluminum adjuvant linked to Gulf War illness induces motor neuron death in mice. Neuromolecular Med. 2007;9(1):83-100.
Mouse model, not a human study. A very small and weak study which has never been replicated.
Goes #20, Taylor #27. Environmental mercury release, special education rates, and autism disorder: an ecological study of Texas (Original Taylor number = 20)
Correct citation: Palmer RF, Blanchard S, Stein Z, Mandell D, Miller C. Environmental mercury release, special education rates, and autism disorder: an ecological study of Texas. Health Place. 2006 Jun;12(2):203-9.
In commenting on a later Palmer study, one researcher wrote, “Dr. Palmer’s 2006 study, which was so full of holes that even antivaccinationists had a hard time defending it,”
This study has nothing to do with vaccines.
Does this paper "demonstrate that vaccines can cause autism"? No.
Goes #21, Taylor #70.Autism Spectrum Disorders in Relation to Distribution of Hazardous Air Pollutants in the SF Bay Area (Not in Taylor’s previous list)
Correct citation: Windham GC, Zhang L, Gunier R, Croen LA, Grether JK. Autism spectrum disorders in relation to distribution of hazardous air pollutants in the san francisco bay area. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep;114(9):1438-44.
This and other environmental studies were discussed at Association Between Autism and Environmental Mercury Exposure Disappears Once Population Density is Controlled for
My primary criticism of these types of studies is that they are attempting to find a cause for an epidemiological phenomenon that could very well not require an environmental explanation. That is, administrative data (special education data in particular) is not equipped to tell us if there are real differences in the prevalence of autism from one region to the next. No screening has ever demonstrated that substantial differences in administrative prevalence between regions are not simply diagnostic differences.
This study does not address vaccines.
Does this paper "demonstrate that vaccines can cause autism"? No.
Goes #22, Taylor #29. A Case Series of Children with Apparent Mercury Toxic Encephalopathies Manifesting with Clinical Symptoms of Regressive Autistic Disorder (Original Taylor number = 22)
Correct Citation: Geier DA, Geier MR., A case series of children with apparent mercury toxic encephalopathies manifesting with clinical symptoms of regressive autistic disorders. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2007 May 15;70(10):837-51.
How anyone could, in 2013, continue to cite the deeply discredited Geier family (father and son) is beyond me. See for example http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2006/06/20/mark-geier-and-david-geier-carry-on-misrepresenting/ or http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2006/10/10/mark-geier-david-geier-and-the-vsd/
Those are just criticism of just this paper. Others from the father-son team garnered even more scathing criticism.
Does this paper "demonstrate that vaccines can cause autism"? No.
Goes #23 Cheuk DK, Wong V. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and blood mercury level: a case-control study in Chinese children. Neuropediatrics. 2006 Aug;37(4):234-40. Notice of Retraction in Yamano T. Neuropediatrics. 2008 Aug;39(4):246.
Does this paper "demonstrate that vaccines can cause autism"? No.
Goes #24, Taylor #30. The Changing Prevalence of Autism In California(Original Taylor Number=24)
Correct Citation: Blaxill MF, Baskin DS, Spitzer WO Commentary on on Croen et al. (2002), The Changing Prevalence of Autism in California, J Autism Dev Disord. 2003 April;33(2):223-226
Note the date on this paper: 2003. A decade ago. It is a commentary on a previously published article, which concluded "These data suggest that improvements in detection and changes in diagnosis account for the observed increase in autism; whether there has also been a true increase in incidence is not known." The Blaxill et al. commentary is merely that, a commentary, and expresses the authors’ own rather biased beliefs.
Does this paper "demonstrate that vaccines can cause autism"? No.
31. Mitochondrial Energy-Deficient Endophenotype in Autism (Original Taylor number = 46)
Correct citation Gargus JJ, Imtias F Mitochondrial Energy-Deficient Endophenotype in Autism Am J Biochem Biotechn 2008 4 (2): 198-207.
Vaccines are not mentioned in the paper. It is a discussion of possible rare subtype(s) of autism with genetic mutations causing mitochondrial deficiencies.
Note: this and other papers in this issue were published in a special issue of the American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology supported by Autism Speaks: autismspeaks.org/science/science-news/american-journal-biochemistry-and-biotechnology
Does this paper "demonstrate that vaccines can cause autism"? No.
Goes #26, Taylor #32. Bridging from Cells to Cognition in Autism Pathophysiology: Biological Pathways to Defective Brain Function and Plasticity (Original Taylor number = 26)
Correct citation: Anderson MP, Hooker BS, Herbert MR, 2008 Bridging from Cells to Cognition in Autism Pathophysiology: Biological Pathways to Defective Brain Function and Plasticity. Am J Biochem Biotechn 2008 4 (2): 167-176.. DOI: 10.3844/ajbbsp.2008.167.176
This is a speculative article on the possible non-genetic causation mechanisms for autism. Vaccines, vaccination, nor immunization are not mentioned in the article.
Note: this and other papers in this issue were published in a special issue of the American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology supported by Autism Speaks, autismspeaks.org/science/science-news/american-journal-biochemistry-and-biotechnology
Does this paper "demonstrate that vaccines can cause autism"? No.
Goes #27, Taylor #33. Heavy-Metal Toxicity—With Emphasis on Mercury (Original Taylor Number = 27)Correct citation: Neustadt J, Pieczenik, S 2007 Heavy-Metal Toxicity – With Emphasis on Mercury (Research Review) 2007 IMJC 6(2) 26-32 (https://stevepieczenik.com/pdf/Heavy%20Metals%20Article.pdf accessed 7/27/13)
This is an article from a fringe journal for naturopaths. The article is alarmist about amalgam fillings as a risk of mercury toxicity, but nowhere mentions vaccines.
Does this paper "demonstrate that vaccines can cause autism"? No.
Goes #28, Taylor #34. Evidence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism and Implications for Treatment (Original Taylor Number = 28)
Correct citation:, Rossignol, DA, Bradstreet JJ 2008. Evidence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism and Implications for Treatment, Am J Biochem Biotechn 2008 4 (2): 208-217.
This study has nothing to do with vaccines.
Note: this and other papers in this issue were published in a special issue of the American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology supported by Autism Speaks:autismspeaks.org/science/science-news/american-journal-biochemistry-and-biotechnology
Does this paper "demonstrate that vaccines can cause autism"? No.
Goes #29, Taylor #35. Proximity to point sources of environmental mercury release as a predictor of autism prevalence (Original Taylor number = 29)
Correct citation: Palmer RF, Blanchard S, Wood R. Proximity to point sources of environmental mercury release as a predictor of autism prevalence. Health Place. 2009 Mar;15(1):18-24. Epub 2008 Feb 12.
A deeply flawed paper.
http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2008/05/01/wait-its-not-mercury-in-vaccines-its-mer/: “If [Palmer] has an obvious source of bias, it may well explain much; if he does not I’m left with the less satisfying conclusion that he is just not a very good scientist at all. I also have to wonder about the quality of the peer review of this particular journal. After all, if I, who am not an epidemiologist, can spot the glaring flaws in this study, why couldn’t the peer reviewers?”
Does this paper "demonstrate that vaccines can cause autism"? No.
Goes #30, Taylor #36. Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder in Portugal: prevalence, clinical characterization, and medical conditions (Original Taylor number = 30)
Correct citation: Oliveira G, Ataíde A, Marques C, Miguel TS, Coutinho AM, Mota-Vieira L, Gonçalves E, Lopes NM, Rodrigues V, Carmona da Mota H, Vicente AM. Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder in Portugal: prevalence, clinical characterization, and medical conditions. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007 Oct;49(10):726-33.
I was puzzled as to why this paper was included, but the survey found "A diversity of associated medical conditions was documented in 20%, with an unexpectedly high rate of mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders." Poling and others have used this finding to claim that "up to 20% of children with autism have mitochondrial disorders". The paper does not discuss vaccination at all.
Does this paper "demonstrate that vaccines can cause autism"? No.
Also see the list of "70 something papers that claim to show that vaccines can cause autism: the complete series
- Those Lists of Papers Claiming That Vaccines Cause Autism: They Don't Show What They Claim (Part 1)
- Those Lists of Papers Claiming That Vaccines Cause Autism: They Don't Show What They Claim (Part 2)
- Those Lists of Papers Claiming That Vaccines Cause Autism: They Don't Show What They Claim (Part 3)
- Those Lists of Papers Claiming That Vaccines Cause Autism: They Don't Show What They Claim (Part 4)
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