This is the Nth iteration of a "list of papers supporting the vaccine-autism link" that Ginger Taylor has published. I've lost count of the iterations.
I used this numbering system "131 papers number: X. 124 papers number: Y. 72 papers number: Z", because Ms. Taylor likes to shuffle the order of the papers from iteration to iteration. It helps me keep clear which papers are new and which are just in a different order.
- Are there 131 Papers That Support Vaccine/Autism Causation? Papers 1-30 Evaluated.
- Are there 131 Papers That Support Vaccine/Autism Causation? Papers 31-60 Evaluated.
- Are there 131 Papers That Support Vaccine/Autism Causation? papers 61-90 Evaluated
- Are there 131 Papers That Support Vaccine/Autism Causation? papers 91-131 Evaluated
If you would prefer to download a Word document with links, here it is: Download Are there 131 Papers That Support Vaccine
131 papers number: 31. 124 papers number: 0. 72 papers number: 0. Khaled EM, Meguid NA, Bjørklund G, Gouda A, Bahary MH, Hashish A, Sallam NM, Chirumbolo S, El-Bana MA. Altered urinary porphyrins and mercury exposure as biomarkers for autism severity in Egyptian children with autism spectrum disorder. Metab Brain Dis. 2016 Dec;31(6):1419-1426. Epub 2016 Jul 13 It is an article of faith, based on the following Nataf study, that porphyrins can be used to give a very accurate measure of how much mercury (or other metals) are in someone’s system. It has not been so established.Thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014, Taylor 2014). Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 33. 124 papers number: 29. 72 papers number: 0 Austin DW, Shandley K. An investigation of porphyrinuria in Australian children with autism. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2008;71(20):1349-51. doi: 10.1080/15287390802271723. This study cites the aforementioned Nataf paper, and another paper by the father-son Geier team, making the provenance of this paper quite questionable. In any case,thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014, Taylor 2014). Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 34. 124 papers number: 30. 72 papers number: 0 Youn SI, Jin SH, Kim SH, Lim S. Porphyrinuria in Korean children with autism: correlation with oxidative stress. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2010;73(10):701-10. doi: 10.1080/15287391003614000. It is an article of faith, based on the following Nataf 2006, study, that porphyrins can be used to give a very accurate measure of how much mercury (or other metals) are in someone’s system. It has not been so established. In any case,thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014, Taylor 2014). Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 35. 124 papers number: 31. 72 papers number: 0 Goth SR, Chu RA, Gregg JP, Cherednichenko G, Pessah IN. Uncoupling of ATP-mediated calcium signaling and dysregulated interleukin-6 secretion in dendritic cells by nanomolar thimerosal. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Jul;114(7):1083-91. In vitro study, using mouse cells. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 36. 124 papers number: 32. 72 papers number: 0 Breece E, Paciotti B, Nordahl CW, Ozonoff S, Van de Water JA, Rogers SJ, Amaral D, Ashwood P. Myeloid dendritic cells frequencies are increased in children with autism spectrum disorder and associated with amygdala volume and repetitive behaviors. Brain Behav Immun. 2013 Jul;31:69-75. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.006. Epub 2012 Oct 11. Autistic children may also have differences in their immune systems. No mention of vaccines in the paper. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 37. 124 papers number: 33. 72 papers number: 11 Burbacher TM, Shen DD, Liberato N, Grant KS, Cernichiari E, Clarkson T, Comparison of blood and brain mercury levels in infant monkeys exposed to methylmercury or vaccines containing thimerosal. Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Aug;113(8):1015-21. The flaws in the study design are summarized here. In any case ,thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014, Taylor 2014). Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 38. 124 papers number: 34. 72 papers number: 0 Rooney JP. The retention time of inorganic mercury in the brain--a systematic review of the evidence. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2014 Feb 1;274(3):425-35. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.12.011. Epub 2013 Dec 22. The type of mercury in the vaccine preservative thimerosal is organic mercury. This paper on inorganic mercury is irrelevant to the claim that vaccines have something to do with autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 39. 124 papers number: 35. 72 papers number: 0 Rice DC Brain and tissue levels of mercury after chronic methylmercury exposure in the monkey. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1989;27(2):189-98. The type of mercury in the vaccine preservative thimerosal is ethyl mercury. This paper on inorganic mercury is irrelevant to the claim that vaccines have something to do with autism.
The key takeaway from this infographic. Ethyl mercury is a metabolite of thimerosal, which is the form of mercury that has been removed from all routine US childhood vaccines (except for multidose vials of influenza vaccines). Ethyl mercury does not accumulate in the body. On the other hand, methyl mercury, the kind found in deep sea fish, has environmental concerns.
Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 40. 124 papers number: 0. 72 papers number: 0 Akinrinade ID, Memudu AE, Ogundele OM, Ajetunmobi OI. Interplay of glia activation and oxidative stress formation in fluoride and aluminium exposure. Pathophysiology. 2015 Mar;22(1):39-48. doi: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2014.12.001. Epub 2014 Dec 13. Rat study. Fluoride is not present in vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 41. 124 papers number: 36. 72 papers number: 0 Charleston JS, Bolender RP, Mottet NK, Body RL, Vahter ME, Burbacher TM, Increases in the number of reactive glia in the visual cortex of Macaca fascicularis following subclinical long-term methyl mercury exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1994 Dec;129(2):196-206. Previous debunking (from 2012!) here. Methyl mercury has never been in vaccines. Huge doses of a form of mercury not used in vaccines Animal study. Has no relevance to pediatric vaccine exposure. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 42 . 124 papers number: 37. 72 papers number: 0. Vargas DL, Nascimbene C, Krishnan C, Zimmerman AW, Pardo CA, Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism. Ann Neurol. 2005 Jan;57(1):67-81. This is a post mortem study of 11 autistic individuals, plus 6 living individuals, in which specific changes were found in some individuals. This paper is preliminary; it suggests avenues for further study. However, it has no relevance to pediatric vaccine exposure. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 43. 124 papers number: 0. 72 papers number: 0 Morgan JT, Chana G, Pardo CA, Achim C, Semendeferi K, Buckwalter J, Courchesne E, Everall IP. Microglial activation and increased microglial density observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in autism Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Aug 15;68(4):368-76. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.024. Postmortem studies on specific differences between autistic brains and non-autistic brains. No evidence for vaccine exposure causing changes in microglial density. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 44. 124 papers number: 0. 72 papers number: 0 Gupta S, Ellis SE, Ashar FN, Moes A, Bader JS, Zhan J, West AB, Arking DE. Transcriptome analysis reveals dysregulation of innate immune response genes and neuronal activity-dependent genes in autism. Nat Commun. 2014 Dec 10;5:5748. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6748. Post mortem study of 47 autistic brains and 57 control to "identify and dissect molecular pathways that may be altered in autism spectrum disorder. " Interesting paper, but it has absolutely nothing to do with pediatric vaccine exposure. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 45 . 124 papers number: 39. 72 papers number: 0. Lukiw WJ, Percy ME, Kruck TP. Nanomolar aluminum induces pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic gene expression in human brain cells in primary culture. J Inorg Biochem. 2005 Sep;99(9):1895-8. In vitro study with human brain cells exposed to exposed to very small quantities of aluminum sulfate. There is no aluminum sulfate in vaccines. There is no elemental aluminum in vaccines either. The adjuvants used are aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, and/or aluminum salts (only in DTaP-HepB-IPV (Pediarix)). Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 46 . 124 papers number: 40. 72 papers number: 0. Young AM, Campbell E, Lynch S, Suckling J, Powis SJ. Aberrant NF-kappaB expression in autism spectrum condition: a mechanism for neuroinflammation. Front Psychiatry. 2011 May 13;2:27. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00027. eCollection 2011. Study on 9 postmortem tissue samples from autistic individuals and 9 postmortem tissue samples from non-autistic individuals, looking at a particular protein involved in inflammation. In this small study, more of the protein found in autistic brains. Interesting paper, but it has absolutely nothing to do with pediatric vaccine exposure. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 47 . 124 papers number: 41. 72 papers number: 0. Naik US, Gangadharan C, Abbagani K, Nagalla B, Dasari N, Manna SK. A study of nuclear transcription factor-kappa B in childhood autism. PLoS One. 2011 May 9;6(5):e19488. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019488. This paper looked at the same protein as paper #46, but in blood samples from 67 autistic children and 29 non-autistic children. The autistic children were found to have more of the protein circulating in their blood. Interesting paper, but it has absolutely nothing to do with pediatric vaccine exposure. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 48 . 124 papers number: 42. 72 papers number: 14. Herbert MR, Autism: A Brain Disorder, or A Disorder That Affects the Brain? Clinical Neuropsychiatry 2005 2:(6) 354-379 This is a long opinion piece, draped in sciencey-sounding language; it is merely Herbert's musings on notions about causation. See more here. Also, Dr. Herbert's theories about autism have been rejected. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 49 . 124 papers number: 43. 72 papers number: 15. Waly M, Olteanu H, Banerjee R, Choi SW, Mason JB, Parker BS, Sukumar S, Shim S, Sharma A, Benzecry JM, Power-Charnitsky VA, Deth RC, Activation of methionine synthase by insulin-like growth factor-1 and dopamine: a target for neurodevelopmental toxins and thimerosal. Mol Psychiatry. 2004 Apr;9(4):358-70. In vitro study; thimerosal has not been found to contribute to autism; lead author, Deth's expert opinion has been rejected from several court cases: See full discussion. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 50. 124 papers number: 44. 72 papers number: 20 Werner E, Dawson G. Validation of the phenomenon of autistic regression using home videotapes. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Aug;62(8):889-95. This is a well done and interesting paper. Please see the discussion, and links to other studies, here, and a longer version, here,with links to similar papers. The paper does not mention vaccines, and there is no reason to include it on this list. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 51. 124 papers number: 45. 72 papers number: 17 Desoto MC, Hitlan RT. Blood levels of mercury are related to diagnosis of autism: a reanalysis of an important data set. J Child Neurol. 2007 Nov;22(11):1308-11. This paper when published in 2007 was subject to a great deal of critical analysis, which is summarized here. In short, the paper exists only to try to spin a positive result out of a negative result. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 52. 124 papers number: 46. 72 papers number: 18 Seneff S, Davidson RM, Liu J, Empirical Data Confirm Autism Symptoms Related to Aluminum and Acetaminophen Exposure Entropy 2012, 14(11), 2227-2253; doi:10.3390/e14112227 The many fatal flaws in this paper were roundly criticized when it was published in 2012. One critique here and another critique here. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 53. 124 papers number: 47. 72 papers number: 0 Hormozi M, Makarem A, Abotorabi-Zarchi M, Firoozabadi A. Glutathione-related factors and oxidative stress in autism, a review. Curr Med Chem. 2012;19(23):4000-5. It may be established that autistic individuals have metabolic differences to non-autistic individuals, but this paper is silent on vaccinations. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 54. 124 papers number: 48. 72 papers number: 19 Poling JS, Frye RE, Shoffner J, Zimmerman AW. Developmental regression and mitochondrial dysfunction in a child with autism. J Child Neurol. 2006 Feb;21(2):170-2. The "autistic like" symptoms demonstrated by Hannah Poling were part of a global encephalopathy caused by a mitochondrial enzyme deficit. This paper too was widely discussed when published, for both structural and ethical reasons. See for example a list here and a discussion of the Poling case here. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 55. 124 papers number: 49. 72 papers number: 20 Sajdel-Sulkowska EM, Lipinski B, Windom H, Audhya T, McGinnis W. Oxidative Stress in Autism: Elevated Cerebellar 3-nitrotyrosine Levels American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2008; 4: (2) 73-84. DOI: 10.3844/ajbbsp.2008.73.84 Another small post-mortem study of autistic brains compared to non-autistic brains. Nothing to connect "oxidative stress" to vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 56. 124 papers number: 50. 72 papers number: 21 Herbert MR. Large brains in autism: the challenge of pervasive abnormality. Neuroscientist. 2005 Oct;11(5):417-40. Here Dr. Herbert is reviewing common findings on neuroanatomy and speculating about causes for these findings. Nothing here about vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 57. 124 papers number: 51. 72 papers number: 22 Kern JK, Jones AM. Evidence of toxicity, oxidative stress, and neuronal insult in autism. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2006 Nov-Dec;9(6):485-99. This is a review paper, not a study. It's also worrying that Kern is a co-author with one or both Geiers for 14 papers. As of 2012, she was employed by the Geier chemical-castration-for-autism chain. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 58. 124 papers number: 52. 72 papers number: 23 Chauhan A, Chauhan V. Oxidative stress in autism. Pathophysiology. 2006 Aug;13(3):171-81. Epub 2006 Jun 12. This is a review article, summarizing the research to date on oxidative stress in autism and some implications for therapies. The conclusion: "Preliminary results of some of clinical trials have suggested improved behavior in individuals with autism who received antioxidant therapy." Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 59. 124 papers number: 53. 72 papers number: 24 James SJ, Slikker W 3rd, Melnyk S, New E, Pogribna M, Jernigan S. Thimerosal neurotoxicity is associated with glutathione depletion: protection with glutathione precursors. Neurotoxicology. 2005 Jan;26(1):1-8. Another in-vitro study with a concentration of thimerosal (no longer used in childhood vaccines in the U.S., with the exception of some flu vaccines) much higher than in vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
131 papers number: 60. 124 papers number: 54. 72 papers number: 21 Ercal N, Gurer-Orhan H, Aykin-Burns N. Toxic metals and oxidative stress part I: mechanisms involved in metal-induced oxidative damage. Curr Top Med Chem. 2001 Dec;1(6):529-39. Mentions mercury as a toxic metal, other metals not found in vaccines. Does not mention autism. Does not mention vaccines as a source of toxic metals. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
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