Are there 131 Papers That Support Vaccine/Autism Causation? papers 61-90

Logic of Science's evidence pyramid is one of the clearest I've found, so I'm sharing it here.

This is the Nth iteration of a "list of papers supporting the vaccine-autism link" that Taylor has published. I've lost count of the iterations. I first debunked Ginger Taylor's list back in August 2013, when she only had 76 papers on the list. 

I used this numbering system "131 papers number: X. 124 papers number: Y. 72 papers number: Z", because Ms. Taylor likes to shuffle the order of the papers from iteration to iteration. It helps me keep clear which papers are new and which are just in a different order.

• Are there 131 Papers That Support Vaccine/Autism Causation? Papers 1-30 Evaluated.
• Are there 131 Papers That Support Vaccine/Autism Causation? Papers 31-60 Evaluated.
• Are there 131 Papers That Support Vaccine/Autism Causation? papers 61-90 Evaluated
• Are there 131 Papers That Support Vaccine/Autism Causation? papers 91-131 Evaluated

If you would prefer to download a Word document with links, here it is:  Download Are there 131 Papers That Support Vaccine

131 papers number: 61.  124  papers number: 55. 72 papers number: 25 Petrik MS, Wong MC, Tabata RC, Garry RF, Shaw CA. Aluminum adjuvant linked to Gulf War illness induces motor neuron death in mice. Neuromolecular Med. 2007;9(1):83-100. Mouse model, not a human study. A very small and weak study which has never been replicated. Nothing to do with autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism

 

131 papers number: 62.  124  papers number: 56. 72 papers number: 26  Gorrindo P, Lane CJ, Lee EB, McLaughlin B, Levitt P (July 3, 2013) Enrichment of Elevated Plasma F2t-Isoprostane Levels in Individuals with Autism Who Are Stratified by Presence of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction PLoS ONE 8(7): e68444</

This is a very interesting and useful paper, so I will spend some space on it. Autistic people have a very wide array of characteristics ("If you have met one person with autism, you have met one person with autism.") This paper attempts to put some clarity by putting 87 children into one of four groups: 

• autistic children who did not have gastrointestinal dysfunction (ASD-GID)
• autistic children who also had gastrointestinal dysfunction (GID+ASD)
• non-autistic children who did not have gastrointestinal dysfunction (NT-GID)
• non-autistic children who did have gastrointestinal dysfunction (NT+GID)

"With unique medical, metabolic, and behavioral features in children with ASD+GID, the present findings serve as a compelling rationale for both individualized approaches to clinical care and integrated studies of biomarker enrichment in ASD subgroups that may better address the complex etiology of ASD."

However, nowhere in the paper are vaccines mentioned as a source of autism or autistic variation. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 63.  124  papers number: 57. 72 papers number: 28  Holmes AS, Blaxill MF, Haley BE. Reduced levels of mercury in first baby haircuts of autistic children. Int J Toxicol. 2003 Jul-Aug;22(4):277-85. First of all, the assumed source of the mercury is vaccines. Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism. But let's look at this paper more closely, as it was the first of the "mercury in vaccines are shown to cause autism" papers. 

The first flaw in the study is the authors' acceptance of the idea of "excretion into the hair". It doesn't happen. Blood mercury does not equal hair mercury. The second flaw is the data collection methods (the hair used in the study). The third flaw is that the study found that the autistic children had lower hair mercury levels than the neurotypical controls. Rather than accepting that data, the authors went on to spin "tooth fairy tales" to explain why that might be so (the idea that autistic children had impaired mercury excretion). The fourth flaw in the study involves the hair analyzed: the samples had been in storage under unknown conditions for a median of five and a half years.  One more thing you should know: Holmes et al. 2003 authors' affiliations are given as Safeminds. Safeminds is an acronym for Sensible Action For Ending Mercury Induced Neurological Disorders. Do you think the authors had an ideological point to make? Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 64.  124  papers number: 58. 72 papers number: 29   Geier DA, Geier MR. A case series of children with apparent mercury toxic encephalopathies manifesting with clinical symptoms of regressive autistic disorders. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2007 May 15;70(10):837-51. First, Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism. Second, How anyone could, in 2017, continue to cite the deeply discredited Geier family (father and son) is beyond me. See for example http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2006/06/20/mark-geier-and-david-geier-carry-on-misrepresenting/ or http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2006/10/10/mark-geier-david-geier-and-the-vsd/ Those are just criticism of just this paper.  Others from the father-son team garnered even more scathing criticism.  In 2011, the watchdog Harpocrates Speaks blog did an overview of the harms David Geier had committeed, http://www.harpocratesspeaks.com/2011/05/close-look-at-david-geier.html  In 2013, Matt Carey summarized their misdeeds over 20 years: https://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2013/10/20/looking-back-at-two-decades-of-geier/.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 65.  124  papers number: 59. 72 papers number: 30 Blaxill MF, Baskin DS, Spitzer WO. Commentary: Blaxill, Baskin, and Spitzer on Croen et al. (2002), the changing prevalence of autism in California. J Autism Dev Disord. 2003 Apr;33(2):223-6; discussion 227-9.
Note the date on this paper: 2003. Fourteen years ago. The Blaxill paper is a commentary on a previously published article (Croen et al 2002), which concluded "These data suggest that improvements in detection and changes in diagnosis account for the observed increase in autism; whether there has also been a true increase in incidence is not known." Blaxill et al. took issue with that, contending that vaccines had contributed to a true increase in autism.  However, no evidence was given. In any case, vaccines have been exonerated of causality in autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 66.  124  papers number: 60. 72 papers number: 31 Gargus JJ, Imtias F Mitochondrial Energy-Deficient Endophenotype in Autism Am J Biochem Biotechn 2008 4 (2): 198-207.  Vaccines are not mentioned in the paper. It is a discussion of possible rare subtype(s) of autism with genetic mutations causing mitochondrial deficiencies. Note: this and other papers in this list were published in a special issue of the American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology supported by Autism Speaks: autismspeaks.org/science/science-news/american-journal-biochemistry-and-biotechnology Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 67.  124  papers number: 61. 72 papers number: 32 Anderson MP, Hooker BS, Herbert MR, 2008 Bridging from Cells to Cognition in Autism Pathophysiology: Biological Pathways to Defective Brain Function and Plasticity. Am J Biochem Biotechn 2008 4 (2): 167-176.. DOI: 10.3844/ajbbsp.2008.167.176 This is a speculative article on the possible non-genetic causation mechanisms for autism. Vaccines, vaccination, nor immunization are not mentioned in the article. Note: this and other papers in this list were published in a special issue of the American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology supported by Autism Speaks: autismspeaks.org/science/science-news/american-journal-biochemistry-and-biotechnology Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 68.  124  papers number: 62. 72 papers number: 33 Neustadt J, Pieczenik S, Heavy-Metal Toxicity—With Emphasis on Mercury. Integrative Medicine: A Clinician's Journal. 2007 Apr/May; 6:(2) 26-32 This is an article from a fringe journal for naturopaths. The article is alarmist about amalgam fillings as a risk of mercury toxicity, but nowhere mentions vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 69.  124  papers number: 63. 72 papers number: 34 Rossignol DA, Bradstreet JJ. Evidence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism and Implications for Treatment. Am. J. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2008; 4:(2) 208-217. DOI: 10.3844/ajbbsp.2008.208.217 The trauma surgeon: "This article speculates that some environmental toxin causes damage to mitochondria, and this may cause autism.  The authors list those potential toxins (valproic acid, thalidomide, rubella, cytomegalovirus, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), industrial chemicals, mercury, lead, cadmium, nickel, and tin), but curiously vaccines are not on the list. "  Note: this and other papers in this list were published in a special issue of the American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology supported by Autism Speaks: autismspeaks.org/science/science-news/american-journal-biochemistry-and-biotechnology Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 70.  124  papers number: 64. 72 papers number: 35 Palmer RF, Blanchard S, Wood R. Proximity to point sources of environmental mercury release as a predictor of autism prevalence. Health Place. 2009 Mar;15(1):18-24. Epub 2008 Feb 12.   A deeply flawed paper.  From http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2008/05/01/wait-its-not-mercury-in-vaccines-its-mer/: “If [Palmer] has an obvious source of bias, it may well explain much; if he does not I’m left with the less satisfying conclusion that he is just not a very good scientist at all. I also have to wonder about the quality of the peer review of this particular journal. After all, if I, who am not an epidemiologist, can spot the glaring flaws in this study, why couldn’t the peer reviewers?” Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 71.  124  papers number: 65. 72 papers number: 36 Oliveira G, Ataíde A, Marques C, Miguel TS, Coutinho AM, Mota-Vieira L, Gonçalves E, Lopes NM, Rodrigues V, Carmona da Mota H, Vicente AM. Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder in Portugal: prevalence, clinical characterization, and medical conditions. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007 Oct;49(10):726-33.   I was puzzled as to why this paper was included, but the survey found "A diversity of associated medical conditions was documented in 20%, with an unexpectedly high rate of mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders." Poling and others have used this finding to claim that "up to 20% of children with autism have mitochondrial disorders". The paper does not discuss vaccination at all. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 72.  124  papers number: 66. 72 papers number: 37 Yel L, Brown LE, Su K, Gollapudi S, Gupta S. Thimerosal induces neuronal cell apoptosis by causing cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor release from mitochondria. Int J Mol Med. 2005 Dec;16(6):971-7. I An in-vitro study on a specific cell line exposed to high doses of thimerosal. Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 73.  124  papers number: 67. 72 papers number: 38  Humphrey ML, Cole MP, Pendergrass JC, Kiningham KK. Mitochondrial mediated thimerosal-induced apoptosis in a human neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-SH).Neurotoxicology. 2005 Jun;26(3):407-16. An in-vitro study on a specific cell line exposed to high doses of thimerosal. Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 74.  124  papers number: 68. 72 papers number: 39  Kawashti MI, Amin OR, Rowehy NG. Possible immunological disorders in autism: concomitant autoimmunity and immune tolerance. Egypt J Immunol. 2006;13(1):99-104. A small (60 subject) study on differences in immunological profiles between autistic children and typically-developing siblings. Autistic children had lower rates of anti-MMR antibodies  than in control children Study has not been replicated. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 75.  124  papers number: 69. 72 papers number: 40 Hewitson L, Lopresti B, Stott C., Tomko J, Kelin e, Castro c., Sackett G., Gupta W., Atwood D., Blue L., White ER, Wakefield A. Pediatric Vaccines Influence Primate Behavior, and Amygdala Growth and Opioid Ligand Binding Poster Presentation Friday, May 16, 2008: IMFAR

I'm going to spend some time on this one, as it still comes up on anti-vaccine sites. 

Laura Hewitson was the lead researcher on a series of studies on comparing vaccinated and unvaccinated macaque monkeys. This was one of three poster presentations at the 2008 meeting of the International Meeting for Autism Research (IMFAR) by Hewiston and others (including Wakefield) on a set of primates. There were other studies that came out of the Hewitson group. The Hewitson publication program was extremeley confusing; a timeline and discussion is available at: http://lizditz.typepad.com/i_speak_of_dreams/2012/05/this-is-going-around-new-study-baby-monkeys-develop-autism-after-routine-cdc-vaccinations.html Others write about Hewitson’s research peccadillos here (a non-exhaustive list):

• May 18, 2008 http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2008/05/18/laura-hewistons-stinker/
• May 19, 2008 http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/monkey-business-in-autism-research/
• July 16, 2010 http://theness.com/neurologicablog/index.php/terrible-anti-vaccine-study-terrible-reporting/
• July 16, 2010 http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2010/07/16/the-genie-is-out-of-the-bottle-vaccines-cause-autism/
• July 16, 2010 http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2010/07/16/too-much-vaccineautism-monkey-business-f/

Note that this was a pilot study. The full-scale study was published in 2015 (Examination of the safety of pediatric vaccine schedules in a non-human primate model: assessments of neurodevelopment, learning, and social behavior.) This study was funded by Safeminds, an anti-vaccine group. In this study "This comprehensive 5-year case-control study, which closely examined the effects of pediatric vaccines on early primate development, provided no consistent evidence of neurodevelopmental deficits or aberrant behavior in vaccinated animals."  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 76.  124  papers number: 70. 72 papers number: 41  Young HA, Geier DA, Geier MR. Thimerosal exposure in infants and neurodevelopmental disorders: an assessment of computerized medical records in the Vaccine Safety Datalink. J Neurol Sci. 2008 Aug 15;271(1-2):110-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.04.002. Epub 2008 May 15. This paper has to be one of the most thoroughly scrutinized (and debunked) of all the papers that claim a connection between vaccines and autism.

• The backstory: http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2006/10/10/mark-geier-david-geier-and-the-vsd/
• http://epiwonk.com/?p=55 "This study has a lot of problems, and I predict that it will take me at least five posts to go through the article point by point to explain all the flaws. However, there’s one trick that the authors play that’s so glaring that I have to point it out immediately. In fact, I’ve spent two days in shock that the journal editor and reviewers let the authors get away with it."

• http://epiwonk.com/?p=57 "it’s probably a good idea to back up a bit and talk about confounding and confounders. The authors make no mention of confounding and take no account of potential confounding in their analysis. This is one of the many flaws of the study."
• http://epiwonk.com/?p=59 On the nature of the ecological fallacy.
• http://bmartinmd.com/2008/05/irb-approval-of-geier-autism-s.html
• http://bmartinmd.com/2008/05/ive-been-sucked-into-the-thime.html
• http://bmartinmd.com/2008/05/young-geier-autism-study-1.html
• http://bmartinmd.com/2008/05/young-geier-autism-study-2.html
• http://bmartinmd.com/2008/05/young-geier-autism-study-3.html
• http://bmartinmd.com/2008/05/young-geier-autism-study-4.html

Summarizing the drawbacks of Young et al's study and write-up is a considerable challenge, frankly because there are so many.

Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 77.  124  papers number: 71. 72 papers number: 42  Schulz JB, Lindenau J, Seyfried J, Dichgans J. Glutathione, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Eur J Biochem. 2000 Aug;267(16):4904-11. This study does not discuss vaccination or autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 78.  124  papers number: 72. 72 papers number: 43 Gallagher C, Goodman M 2008. Hepatitis B triple series vaccine and developmental disability in US children aged 1-9 years, Toxicol Environ Chem 2008 90(5):997-1008. DOI:10.1080/02772240701806501  This is the same group as discussed in paper  #3, possibly using the same data set.  Sample size is tiny (53 subjects); identifying "developmentally disabled " is problematic, in that parental "parental report that their child receives early intervention or special education services (EIS)."  Finally,  The 2009 report on "Thimerosal and Autism" (Price, Robertson, Goodson) showed that with reference to the Hepatitis B vaccine, the same percentage of non-autistic children and autistic children received the 3-dose series.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 79.  124  papers number: 73. 72 papers number: 44 Minami T, Miyata E, Sakamoto Y, Yamazaki H, Ichida S. Induction of metallothionein in mouse cerebellum and cerebrum with low-dose thimerosal injection. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2010 Apr;26(2):143-52. doi: 10.1007/s10565-009-9124-z. Epub 2009 Apr 9. Mouse study. Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.
 
131 papers number: 80.  124  papers number: 74. 72 papers number: 45  Kempuraj D, Asadi S, Zhang B, Manola A, Hogan J, Peterson E, Theoharides TC. Mercury induces inflammatory mediator release from human mast cells. J Neuroinflammation. 2010 Mar 11;7:20. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-20.  In-vitro study of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) , not ethyl mercury or thimerosal.Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 81.  124  papers number: 0. 72 papers number 0:  Fiorentino M, Sapone A, Senger S, Camhi SS, Kadzielski SM, Buie TM, Kelly DL, Cascella N, Fasano A. Blood-brain barrier and intestinal epithelial barrier alterations in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism. 2016 Nov 29;7:49. eCollection 2016.  This study examined postmortem brain samples and intestinal samples from biopsies, so the brain samples are from one set of individuals and the gut samples from another set of individuals. Further, since the gut samples were from biopsies, this implies that the individuals who donated the gut samples may have had pre-existing conditions -- not a random or representative sample of autistic individuals.  While this is an interesting study, it does not mention vaccines at all.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 82.  124  papers number: 75. 72 papers number 40: Hewitson L, Lopresti BJ, Stott C, Mason NS, Tomko J. Influence of pediatric vaccines on amygdala growth and opioid ligand binding in rhesus macaque infants: A pilot study. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2010;70(2):147-64. Another of the infamous, ever evolving Hewitson macaque papers.

Debunked at

• July 16, 2010 http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2010/07/16/too-much-vaccineautism-monkey-business-f/
• July 16 2010 http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2010/07/16/the-genie-is-out-of-the-bottle-vaccines-cause-autism/“This paper is generating quite a bit of interest in places like the Age of Autism blog. Unfortunately for them, this paper is not the genie getting out of the bottle. Just another low quality paper. Just another 16 monkeys giving their lives for nothing.”
• For a complete history of the Hewitson macaque study and its various papers and authors, see: http://lizditz.typepad.com/i_speak_of_dreams/2012/05/this-is-going-around-new-study-baby-monkeys-develop-autism-after-routine-cdc-vaccinations.html

It is telling that this list completely ignores the final, 5-year study, Administration of thimerosal-containing vaccines to infant rhesus macaques does not result in autism-like behavior or neuropathology

Note: This issue of Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis (ANE) focused upon autism. Not just autism, but autism causation with papers on vaccines, acetaminophen and, of course, mercury. The idea for this focus edition came from Professor Dorota Majewska who holds the EU Marie Curie Chair at the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw, Poland. The authors for this focus issue are largely the same as those from a conference Prof. Majewska organized in 2008, Autism and Vaccinations.

Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 83.  124  papers number: 76. 72 papers number 47:  Walker SJ, Segal J, Aschner M. Cultured lymphocytes from autistic children and non-autistic siblings up-regulate heat shock protein RNA in response to thimerosal challenge. Neurotoxicology. 2006 Sep;27(5):685-92. Epub 2006 Jun 16. An in-vitro cell study,.Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 84.  124  papers number: 77. 72 papers number 49:  Desoto MC, Hitlan RT. Sorting out the spinning of autism: heavy metals and the question of incidence. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2010;70(2):165-76. This is a sort of review paper, insisting that there is indeed an autism "epidemic" and it is caused by exposure to "heavy metals" (which is a veiled way to say, "thimerosal in vaccines").  Debunked at http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2010/08/03/prof-desoto-discusses-mercury-and-autism/ Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

Note: This issue of Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis (ANE) focused upon autism. Not just autism, but autism causation with papers on vaccines, acetaminophen and, of course, mercury. The idea for this focus edition came from Professor Dorota Majewska who holds the EU Marie Curie Chair at the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw, Poland. The authors for this focus issue are largely the same as those from a conference Prof. Majewska organized in 2008, Autism and Vaccinations.

131 papers number: 85.  124  papers number: 78. 72 papers number 50:  Woods JS, Armel SE, Fulton DI, Allen J, Wessels K, Simmonds PL, Granpeesheh D, Mumper E, Bradstreet JJ, Echeverria D, Heyer NJ, Rooney JP. 2010 Urinary porphyrin excretion in neurotypical and autistic children. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Oct;118(10):1450-7. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901713. Epub 2010 Jun 24.  It is an article of belief in some circles that urinary porphyrin excretion abnormalities, following exposure to mercury,  is a biomarker for autism. However, the foundations of that belief rest upon studies performed by the disgraced and discredited Geier family (father and son). Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 86.  124  papers number: 79. 72 papers number 51: Rossignol DA, Frye RE Mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis Molecular Psychiatry (2012) 17, 290–314; doi:10.1038/mp.2010.136; published online 25 January 2011 A systematic review and meta-analysis, which  concludes that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with some cases of autism. The authors do not make the case that vaccination causes or intensifies mitochondrial dysfunction, or that mitochondrial dysfunction causes autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 87.  124  papers number: 80. 72 papers number 52:  Migdal C, Foggia L, Tailhardat M, Courtellemont P, Haftek M, Serres M. Sensitization effect of thimerosal is mediated in vitro via reactive oxygen species and calcium signaling. Toxicology. 2010 Jul-Aug;274(1-3):1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.04.016. Epub 2010 May 10.  In vitro study exposing cells to large concentrations of thimerosal.  Thimerosal is no longer used in pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 88.  124  papers number: 81. 72 papers number 53: Blaxill MF. What's going on? The question of time trends in autism. Public Health Rep. 2004 Nov-Dec;119(6):536-51. Review of survey literature available in years prior to 2004. Outdated and superceded by many more reliable publications. Paper does not mention vaccines.   Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

131 papers number: 89.  124  papers number: 82. 72 papers number 54: Rimland B, McGinnis W, Vaccines and Autism, Laboratory medicine, september 2002 9: 33 708-717 Edited to add: this paper has been retracted. See https://academic.oup.com/labmed/article/33/9/708/2504263   Bernard Rimland founded the Autism Research Institute and the Autism Society of America.  This 2002  article has no evidence, but merely discusses the authors’ belief that something about the MMR vaccine and thimerosal is causal in autism. Later studies found no autism connection with either factor.   Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. 

 131 papers number: 90.  124  papers number: 83. 72 papers number 55: Ratajczak HV. Theoretical aspects of autism: biomarkers--a review. J Immunotoxicol. 2011 Jan-Mar;8(1):80-94.This is one of the more risible papers in Taylor's list. See for example:

• http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2011/02/11/sloppy-science-a-perfect-example-of-how-the-anti-vaccine-crowd-will-listen-to-anything/ “The rest of the paper is a rogues' gallery of debunked and fringe science. Helen Ratajczak cites the Geiers numerous times, DeSoto and Hitlan, Nataf and Rossignol to name but a few. This isn’t a paper so much as an advert for the sort of poor science that was examined in the Autism Omnibus proceedings and roundly rejected by the Special Masters. For goodness sake, she even cites David Ayoub of the Black Helicopter infamy.”
• http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/anti-vaccine-propaganda-from-sharyl-attkisson-of-cbs-news-2/"How on earth did this get through peer review? Obviously, the peer reviewers of Dr. Ratajczak’s article were either completely ignorant of the background science (and therefore unqualified) or asleep at the switch."
• http://lizditz.typepad.com/i_speak_of_dreams/2012/07/3-theoretical-aspects-of-autism-causes-a-review-2011.html

Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.