Are there 131 Papers That Support Vaccine/Autism Causation? Papers 1-30 Evaluated.

In a Scribd document called "130 Research papers supporting Vaccine/Autism Causation", Ginger Taylor makes the following claim: 

Mainstream research has found that vaccines and their ingredients can cause the underlying medical conditions that committed physicians and researchers are commonly finding in children who have been given an autism diagnosis. These conditions include gastrointestinal damage, immune system impairment, chronic infections, mitochondrial disorders, autoimmune conditions, neurological regression, glial cell activation, brain inflammation, damage to the blood–brain barrier, seizures, synaptic dysfunction, dendritic cell dysfunction, mercury poisoning, aluminum toxicity, gene activation and alteration, glutathione depletion, impaired methylation, oxidative stress, impaired thioredoxin regulation, mineral deficiencies, impairment of the opioid system, endocrine dysfunction, cellular apoptosis, and other disorders.

We will ignore that few or none of the "medical conditions" Taylor lists are exclusive to autism, or are included in the diagnostic criteria for autism. This is the Nth iteration of a "list of papers supporting the vaccine-autism link" that Taylor has published. I've lost count of the iterations. I first debunked Taylor's list back in August 2013, when she only had 76 papers on the list. 

Ginger Taylor, the person who has been publishing these lists, has been a loud voice in the "vaccines do too cause autism" movement, and has been since 2004.  She has been known to make much of her "scientific background" as a marriage and family therapist but she actually was a paid political operative.  Nonetheless, this list keeps being cited, mostly by the scientifically naive, as "proof" that vaccines can be causal in autism, and latterly, that the CDC is covering something up.  

 By 2016 the list was up to 124 papers, and while I wrote about the list, two science bloggers did the heavy lifting of analyzing the papers.  The Logic of Science blog, written by a PhD candidate in biology, published Vaccines and autism: A thorough review of the evidence.  Then at Stories from the Trauma Bay,  a physician who is a trauma surgeon published 124 papers that DO NOT prove vaccines cause autism. 

Before we set off on looking at each of the papers, let me remind readers  (or tell readers for the first time) about some background.  The US has, as many countries do not, a National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (NVICP). That is to say, the US recognizes that, very rarely, someone getting a vaccine might suffer an injury, from the vaccine itself or from the process of being vaccinated, and has set up a compensation program, funded by a surcharge on all vaccines. Starting in about 2001, parents began filing claims with NVICP that their children's autism had been caused by vaccines. Claims went from a few hundred a year to thousands.  In 2002,  NVICP, acting with a panel of parent-claimaints and their attorneys (the Petitioners Committee), agreed to hear test cases, selected by the petitioners, on their three theories on how vaccines could be causal in autism:

• Theory 1: a combination of MMR  and Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines could cause autism
• Theory 2: Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines alone could cause autism 
• Theory 3: MMR vaccines alone could cause autism. 

These collectively were known as the Omnibus Autism Proceeding. http://www.vaccinateyourbaby.org/safe/autism/omnibus_proceeding.cfmThe Petitioners Committee selected three test cases for each of the theories -- children whose cases they thought best made the case for their argument.  However,the Petitioners Committee agreed, in 2008, that the test cases and hearings on Theory 1 would suffice for Theory 3 as well. Both documents and hearings on the three theories were exhaustive. On February 12, 2009, NVICP found that Theory 1 was not supported by the weight of the evidence including expert testimony.  On On March 12, 2010,  NVICP found that Theory 2 was not supported by the weight of the evidence including expert testimony.  

Now, science isn't decided by legal rulings. However, these rulings were supported by science. The other thing about the NVICP is that the standard of evidence required in cases adjudicated there is much less than in other courts -- 50% plus a feather (the Althen standard).

Another ground-laying episode:  there are hierarchies of evidence: how strong a claim is.  Logic of Science's pyramid is one of the clearest I've found, so I'm sharing it here.

The image is of a pyramid.  Let me lay out the levels, from strongest to weakest:

• Level 1: meta-analyses and systematic reviews
• Level 2: Randomized controlled trials (RTCs)
• Level 3: Cohort studies
• Level 4: Case-control studies
• Level 5: Cross-sectional studies
• Level 6: Animal trials and in-vitro studies (the short version is that both animal studies -- studies using living animals such as mice and monkeys -- and in vitro -- studies using cells grown in containers (hence, in vitro, Latin for glass) -- do not generally translate robustly to humans.  The failure rate may be as hhigh as 97%.
• Level 7: Case reports, opinion papers, and letters

Studies specifically on the relationship between the vaccine ingredient thimerosal and autism:

• a cohort study with 446,695 children that compared those who received vaccines with thimerosal to those who received vaccines without thimerosal (Hviid et al. 2003).
• a cohort study with 124,170 children (Verstraeten et al. 2003)
• a case-controlled trial with over 1,000 children (Price et al. 2010)
• a meta-analysis with 1.2 million children (Taylor et al. 2014), 

These studies make a very strong case that thimerosal does not cause autism.  So do the studies that show that autism rates did not drop after thimerosal was removed from vaccines (Madsen et al. 2003; Schechter and Grether 2008).

 

On to the studies that Ms. Taylor claims "support the vaccine-autism link". ( This is going to be long. )

I used this numbering system "131 papers number: X. 124 papers number: Y. 72 papers number: Z", because Ms. Taylor likes to shuffle the order of the papers from iteration to iteration. It helps me keep clear which papers are new and which are just in a different order.

• Are there 131 Papers That Support Vaccine/Autism Causation? Papers 1-30 Evaluated.
• Are there 131 Papers That Support Vaccine/Autism Causation? Papers 31-60 Evaluated.
• Are there 131 Papers That Support Vaccine/Autism Causation? papers 61-90 Evaluated
• Are there 131 Papers That Support Vaccine/Autism Causation? papers 91-131 Evaluated

If you would prefer to download a Word document with links, here it is:  Download Are there 131 Papers That Support Vaccine

131 papers number: 1.  124  papers number: 1. 72 papers number: 0  Verstraeten TM, Davies R, Gu D, DeStefano F. Increased risk of developmental neurologic impairment after high exposure to thimerosal-containing vaccine in first month of life. Division of Epidemiology and Surveillance, Vaccine Safety and Development Branch, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999.  This is Phase I of a planned 2-phase study.  This first phase was presented at the 2000 Simpsonwood conference, and problems and shortcomings in the data were throughly discussed at that conference, leading the Verstraeten team to look more closely at the data.   The second phase of the was published in 2003, Safety of thimerosal-containing vaccines: a two-phased study of computerized health maintenance organization databases.  It is at the least misleading to list only the first phase.  The true story of Simpsonwood and the evolution of the Verstraeten papers is covered in depth in Paul Offit's Autism's False Prophets,  Emily Willingham reviews the facts in a Forbes article, Is The CDC Hiding Data About Mercury, Vaccines, And Autism? and a longer, more detailed blog post byLindsay Beyerstein Simpsonwood, thimerosal, and vaccines (II)l Thimerosal is no longer used in US pediatric vaccines and has been exonerated of causality in autism (see Hurley 2010, Price 2010, Yoshimasu 2014,   Taylor 2014). Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

 

131 papers number: 2.  124  papers number: 0. 72 papers number: 0  Mawson AR, Bhuiyan AR, Ray BD, and Jacob B, Pilot comparative study on the health of vaccinated and unvaccinated 6- to 12- year old U.S. children Transl Sci 3: DOI: 10.15761/JTS.1000186, April 24, 2017 This study has been retracted by the first journal that published it, and now has been retracted by the second, pay to publish journal.  That's how bad it is. Chad Hayes is a pediatrician.  He's given this paper a close reading. Also see  VaccinesWork blog post,  Respectful Insolence blog post,  Kidnurse blog post.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 3.  124  papers number: 2. 72 papers number: 1 . Hepatitis B vaccination of male neonates and autism diagnosis, NHIS 1997-2002  Gallager CM, Goodman MS, Hepatitis B vaccination of male neonates and autism diagnosis, NHIS 1997-2002. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2010;73:(24):1665-77.

Very weak study with numerous flaws.  Debunked at (among others):

• http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2009/09/17/another-weak-study-proves-vaccines-cause-autism/
• http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2010/09/16/autism-causation-and-the-hepatitis-b-vaccine-no-link/
• http://www.harpocratesspeaks.com/2013/05/mind-institute-no-difference-in.html
• http://lizditz.typepad.com/i_speak_of_dreams/2012/07/1-hepatitis-b-vaccination-of-male-neonates-and-autism-diagnosis-nhis-1997-2002-2010.html

Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism. A related study from 2008 by the same team is discussed as paper #78

131 papers number: 4.  124  papers number: 3. 72 papers number: 0.   Branch DR, Gender-selective toxicity of thimerosal. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2009Mar;61(2):133-6. Epub 2008 Sep 3.  Study in highly inbred mice; mice may not model human response.  Exposure to thimerosal in vaccines does not cause autism.   Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 5.  124  papers number: 4. 72 papers number: 0. Ekstrand J, Nielsen JB, Havarinasab S, Zalups RK, Söderkvist P, Hultman P. Mercury toxicokinetics--dependency on strain and gender. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010 Mar 15;243(3):283-91. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.08.026. Epub 2009 Sep 2.  Another mouse study; mice may not model human response. Exposure to thimerosal in vaccines does not cause autism  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism

131 papers number: 6.  124  papers number: 5. 72 papers number: 0.  Rubenstein E, Wiggins LD, and Lee LC A Review of the Differences in Developmental, Psychiatric, and Medical Endophenotypes Between Males and Females with Autism Spectrum Disorder J Dev Phys Disabil. 2015 Feb; 27(1): 119–139. The study nowhere mentions vaccines.  While autism spectrum diagnoses are more common in males, yet males and females probably have equal vaccine exposure.  This would point to a genetic root for autism.  (Note: females may be underdiagnosed, based on older assumptions about autistic behavior.)  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism

131 papers number: 7.  124  papers number: 0. 72 papers number: 0.   Haley BE, Mercury toxicity: Genetic susceptibility and synergistic effects Medical Veritas 2 (2005) 535–542  This paper, published in a short-lived fringe medical journal by a professor of chemistry is all circular reasoning. In 2006, Judge Beaty ruled on Haley's "expert opinion" relative to thimerosal and autism:  "The Court has appropriately taken this information into account, but nevertheless finds that Dr. Haley's report does not state an expert opinion that thimerosal causes autism, rather just that he has a theory, ... about how such a thing could happen. At best, he expressed "strong belief" that the cause of "neurodevelopmental disorders in infants" is exposure to an organic-mercury compound such as thimerosal Exposure to thimerosal in vaccines does not cause autism.    Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism 

131 papers number: 8.  124  papers number: 10. 72 papers number: 0.  Yassa HA Autism: a form of lead and mercury toxicity Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2014 Nov;38(3):1016-24. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.10.005. Epub 2014 Nov 6. First, this paper assumes that lead, or mercury, or both, can cause autism. No. Second, there is no, none, zero lead in vaccines. The paper is based on blood and hair samples of Egyptian children, and posits that behavioral changes in children after chelation "prove" the theory. . There is no evidence that chelation is a valid treatment for autism.   Exposure to thimerosal in vaccines does not cause autism.    Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism 

 131 papers number: 9.  124  papers number: 6. 72 papers number: 2.  Tomljenovic L, Shaw CA.Do aluminum vaccine adjuvants contribute to the rising prevalence of autism?  J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Nov;105(11):1489-99. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.08.008. Epub 2011 Aug 23.

Fatally flawed “study” – junk science.  Debunked at:

• http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2013/07/10/comment-on-do-aluminum-vaccine-adjuvants-contribute-to-the-rising-prevalence-of-autism/
• http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2011/12/08/and-global-warming-is-caused-by-the-decr/ In particular, note:

  the authors are plotting ASD incidence in each year (1991-2008) against total aluminium content for the pediatric schedule *in that year*. Not (as you might expect) the aluminium exposure for the ASD cases themselves, according to the pediatric schedules of 6 to 21 years previously, but no, that same year.

  In effect they are looking for a correlation between the number of people who developed ASD decades earlier, and the number of vaccinations given to other children, in the current year. This is an interesting model of causality!

Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 10.  124  papers number: 8. 72 papers number: 0.  Shaw CA, Li Y, Tomljenovic L. Administration of aluminium to neonatal mice in vaccine-relevant amounts is associated with adverse long term neurological outcomes.  J Inorg Biochem. 2013 Nov;128:237-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.022. Epub 2013 Jul 19.Nov;128:237-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.022. Epub 2013 Jul 19. Note: here Ginger Taylor moves, without a signal to readers,  from "mercury in vaccines causes autism" to "aluminum in vaccines causes autism".  This silent goal-post shifting should set off your "they are talking through their hats" sensors, if nothing else has before. Back to the weaknesses of the Shaw et al. paper: 1. It's a mouse paper. Mice may not model human response. 2.  the trauma surgeon observes:  "this is a study on mice given "high" or "low" doses of subcutaneous aluminum.  They exhibit some vague differences on certain mice tests.  Does this translate to humans?  Hardly."  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 11.  124  papers number: 0. 72 papers number: 0 . Shaw CA, Seneff S., Kette SD, Tomljenovic L, Oller JW jr, and Davidson RM Aluminum-Induced Entropy in Biological Systems: Implications for Neurological Disease Journal of Toxicology, Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 491316, 27 pages This paper uses VAERS data to argue that aluminum adjuvants in vaccines cause "entropy in living organisms by disrupting all levels of structure from water molecules through all biosemiotic systems".   Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 12.  124  papers number: 9. 72 papers number: 0 a Nevison CD, A comparison of temporal trends in United States autism prevalence to trends in suspected environmental factors Environ Health. 2014; 13: 73.  This paper is not a study, but speculation about increases  in environmental factors correlating with autism increase. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 13.  124  papers number: 0. 72 papers number: 0  Blaurock-Busch E, Amin OR, Dessoki HH, and Rabah T. Toxic Metals and Essential Elements in Hair and Severity of Symptoms among Children with Autism Maedica (Buchar). 2012 Jan;7(1):38-48. Found that 44 autistic children had elevated levels of some metals not found in vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 14.  124  papers number: 12. 72 papers number: 0 ] Yasuda H, Tsutsui T. Assessment of infantile mineral imbalances in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).  Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013 Nov 11;10(11):6027-43. doi: 10.3390/ijerph10116027. This paper has some interesting findings relative to micronutrient deficiencies in autism, but it has nothing to do with vaccines. In fact, vaccines aren't mentioned in the paper. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 15.  124  papers number: 12. 72 papers number: 4    Singh VK, Lin SX, Newell E, Nelson C.Abnormal measles-mumps-rubella antibodies and CNS autoimmunity in children with autism.  J Biomed Sci. 2002 Jul-Aug;9(4):359-64.J Biomed Sci. 2002 Jul-Aug;9(4):359-64.. Using  blood products  from typically developing children and autistic children, the authors claimed to have found a protein unique to the measles vaccine in more than half of the autistic children. 

This finding has never been replicated. As Paul Offit wrote on page 45 of Autism's False Prophets,

...a closer look at Singh's science revealed two critical flaws: children with autism didn't have nerve damage and, according to measles experts, the test that Singh had used to detect measles antibodies didn't detect them.

Other leading scientists have criticized Singh's research.

Multiple studies in multiple countries with tens of thousands of subjects have repeatedly failed to find an association between measles vaccine and autism.

• http://www.immunizationinfo.org/issues/iom-reports/measles-mumps-rubella-vaccine-and-autism
• http://www.immunizationinfo.org/science/no-evidence-mmr-vaccine-causes-autism

Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 16.  124  papers number: 14. 72 papers number: 3 .  Molina V, Shoenfeld Y. Infection, vaccines and other environmental triggers of autoimmunity. Autoimmunity. 2005 May;38(3):235-45. Nothing to do with autism; also seems to be a discursive paper rather than a “research study”.  Does not attempt to explain why autoimmune diseases more common in females, but autism more common in males.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 17.  124  papers number: 15. 72 papers number: 0. Deisher TA, Doan NV, Omaiye A, Koyama K, and Bwabye S. Impact of environmental factors on the prevalence of autistic disorder after 1979 Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, Vol.6(9), pp. 271-284, September 2014l.  Faulty statistics make this paper unreliable. See this post from statistician William Briggs, this post at The Rational Catholic, and this post by mathematician Mark Chu-Carroll  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 18.  124  papers number: 16. 72 papers number: 4. Delong G.,A Positive Association found between Autism Prevalence and Childhood Vaccination uptake across the U.S. Population  J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2011;74(14):903-16. doi: 10.1080/15287394.2011.573736.

Junk “science” debunked here, for starters

• http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2011/07/08/a-positive-association-found-between-autism-prevalence-and-childhood-vaccination-uptake-across-the-u-s-population-2/
• http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2011/06/11/speech-impairment-and-autism-inseparable/"The "vaccination rate" (they have a very odd definition) goes up dramatically in the first two years of the study. The "autism+SLI rate" does not. If there were a real association between the two, it would be clear in those first columns of data.
• http://leftbrainrightbrain.co.uk/2012/03/07/conflicts-of-interest-in-vaccine-safety-research/
• http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2011/06/08/more-bad-science-in-the-service-of-the-discredited-idea/
• http://neuroskeptic.blogspot.com/2011/05/vaccines-cause-autism-until-you-look-at.html "My conclusion is that this dataset shows no evidence of any association. The author nonetheless found one. How? By doing some statistical wizardry."
• http://biologyfiles.fieldofscience.com/2011/06/gayle-delong-safeminds-board-member-and.html "The acceptance and publication of this paper appear to have been careless to an extreme. I'd like to know who the reviewers were."

Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 19.  124  papers number: 21. 72 papers number: 48.  Olczak M, Duszczyk M, Mierzejewski P, Majewska MD. 2009 Neonatal administration of a vaccine preservative, thimerosal, produces lasting impairment of nociception and apparent activation of opioid system in rats. Brain Res. 2009 Dec 8;1301:143-51. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.003. Epub 2009 Sep 9. Rat study on injected thimerosal (no longer used in U.S. childhood vaccines except for some influenza vaccines) in concentrations higher than formerly found in vaccines. Note: lead researcher M Dorota Majewska seems to have specialized in rat studies that show thimerosal damage. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 20.  124  papers number: 0. 72 papers number: 0.. Chen YN, Wang J, Zhang J, Li SJ, He L, Shao DD, Du HY. Effect of thimerosal on the neurodevelopment of premature rats. World J Pediatr. 2013 Nov;9(4):356-60. doi: 10.1007/s12519-013-0443-z. Epub 2013 Nov 14. Rat study on injected thimerosal (no longer used in U.S. childhood vaccines except for some influenza vaccines) in concentrations higher than formerly found in vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 21.  124  papers number: 18. 72 papers number: 0.   Li X, Qu F, Xie W, Wang F, Liu H, Song S, Chen T, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Wang Y, Guo C, Tang TS. Transcriptomic Analyses of Neurotoxic Effects in Mouse Brain After Intermittent Neonatal Administration of Thimerosal. Toxicol Sci. 2014 Apr 4. [Epub ahead of print] Mouse study on injected thimerosal (no longer used in U.S. childhood vaccines except for some influenza vaccines). Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 22.  124  papers number: 19. 72 papers number: 57. Olczak M, Duszczyk M, Mierzejewski P, Wierzba-Bobrowicz T, Majewska MD.Lasting neuropathological changes in rat brain after intermittent neonatal administration of thimerosal.  Folia Neuropathol. 2010;48(4):258-69. Rat study on thimerosal (no longer used in U.S. childhood vaccines except for some influenza vaccines), concentrations higher than formerly found in vaccines. Note: lead researcher M Dorota Majewska seems to have specialized in rat studies that show thimerosal damage. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 23.  124  papers number: 19. 72 papers number: 58.  Olczak M, Duszczyk M, Mierzejewski P, Meyza K, Majewska MD.  Persistent behavioral impairments and alterations of brain dopamine system after early postnatal administration of thimerosal in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2011 Sep 30;223(1):107-18. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.04.026. Epub 2011 Apr 28. Rat study on thimerosal (no longer used in U.S. childhood vaccines except for some influenza vaccines), concentrations higher than formerly found in vaccines. Note: lead researcher M Dorota Majewska seems to have specialized in rat studies that show thimerosal damage. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 24.  124  papers number: 21. 72 papers number: 5. . Sharpe MA, Taylor LG, Baskin DS  B-Lymphocytes from a Population of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Unaffected Siblings Exhibit Hypersensitivity to Thimerosal   J Toxicol. 2013;2013:801517. doi: 10.1155/2013/801517. Epub 2013 Jun 9. In vitro study, thimerosal (no longer used in U.S. childhood vaccines except for some influenza vaccines), concentrations higher than formerly found in vaccines. Only 11 families studied. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 25.  124  papers number: 22. 72 papers number: 0.  Sharpe MA, Livingston AD, and Baskin DS Thimerosal-Derived Ethylmercury Is a Mitochondrial Toxin in Human Astrocytes: Possible Role of Fenton Chemistry in the Oxidation and Breakage of mtDNA J Toxicol. 2012; 2012: 373678. Published online Jun 28, 2012. doi: 10.1155/2012/373678.  In vitro study, thimerosal (no longer used in U.S. childhood vaccines except for some influenza vaccines), concentrations higher than formerly found in vaccines. See discussion here. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 26.  124  papers number: 23. 72 papers number: 0.  Zhang QB, Gao SJ, Zhao HX. Thioredoxin: A novel, independent diagnosis marker in children with autism. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2014 Nov 26. pii: S0736-5748(14)00191-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.11.007. Thioredoxin is a redox-regulating protein which is a marker for oxidative stress. Of the 180 subjects, the 80 autistic children were found to have higher blood levels of thioredoxin.  Vaccines are not mentioned in the paper. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 27.  124  papers number: 24. 72 papers number: 0.  Carvalho CM, Chew EH, Hashemy SI, Lu J, Holmgren A. Inhibition of the human thioredoxin system. A molecular mechanism of mercury toxicity. J Biol Chem. 2008 May 2;283(18):11913-23. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M710133200. Epub 2008 Mar 4.  In vitro study using mercuric chloride (HgCl(2)) and monomethylmercury (MeHg), which are  not the mercury species used in vaccines. This has nothing to do with vaccines. Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 28.  124  papers number: 25. 72 papers number: 0. Carvalho CM, Lu J, Zhang X, Arnér ES, Holmgren A. Effects of selenite and chelating agents on mammalian thioredoxin reductase inhibited by mercury: implications for treatment of mercury poisoning. FASEB J. 2011 Jan;25(1):370-81. doi: 10.1096/fj.10-157594. Epub 2010 Sep 1. This is a paper about treating mercury poisoning, that is, exposure to mercury at high doses such as found in industry. Does not mention vaccines or autism.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism.

131 papers number: 29.  124  papers number: 26. 72 papers number: 7.  Singh VK, Lin SX, Yang VC.Serological association of measles virus and human herpesvirus-6 with brain autoantibodies in autism. . Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1998 Oct;89(1):105-8.Note that this paper is from 1998. Singh’s work has not been replicated. Multiple studies in multiple countries with tens of thousands of subjects have repeatedly failed to find an association between measles vaccine and autism.

• http://www.immunizationinfo.org/issues/iom-reports/measles-mumps-rubella-vaccine-and-autism
• http://www.immunizationinfo.org/science/no-evidence-mmr-vaccine-causes-autism

Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism

131 papers number: 30.  124  papers number: 27. 72 papers number: 0.   James JS, Cutler P Melnyk S, Jernigan S, Janak L Gaylor DW, Neubrander JA, Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism Am J Clin Nutr December 2004 vol. 80 no. 6 1611-1617 http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/80/6/1611.full Paper does not mention vaccines.  Does not establish that vaccines are causal in autism

Comments

[Brian Deer]

Great job. A real timesaver for the rest of us. My only recollection of Ms Taylor is some abusive tirade she came out with a few years ago about how people never lose autistic traits as they grow up.

I just thought, if she is that ignorant, I would pay no further heed.